75 статей

E. Reuland

Basic Issues in the Theory of Syntax: Towards a Minimalist Perspective (353 Kb)

It appears to be less easy to converge on what human language is, and consequently, on what the proper object is for linguists to study qua linguists. Again, there seems to be little doubt that the property of having language, in its common sense interpretation, is something that sets apart humans from (other) animals. The various animal communication systems even if they convey information and intentions to their fellow animals vastly differ from human language in terms of the quality of the information they convey and in the particular way in which they do so in ways that are so obvious that they need no lengthy discussion here. However, humans have devised many artificial systems that might also qualify for the label language (mathematical systems, logics, programming languages), hence as an indication of a domain of empirical inquiry the above definition may well be not informative enough. Whereas the many artificial languages are surely manifestations of what one may broadly call human intelligence in the case of natural language this is clearly an empirical issue, and there are strong indications that many aspects of the faculty of language stand rather apart from general properties of intelligence and other kinds of symbolic behaviour for extensive argumentation)....

E. Reuland

An introduction to minimalist grammar (202 Kb)

Human language consists by virtue of a systematic relation between form and meaning. Forms are standardly realized and perceived in the form of auditory stimuli, but a route via the visual system is also available (sign language). Since neither the auditory nor the visual systems are dedicated specifically to language these may be considered as external to the language system per se. Yet, the language system is apparently able to "talk" to the articulatory-perceptual systems via some interface. This interface is usually referred to as the PF-interface (PF=Phonetic Form). On the meaning side, at least this much is clear that our cognitive system is able to process information, form concepts, feel emotions, form intentions, and perhaps even experience thoughts, independent of language. (Although language definitely helps in articulating those.) Following Chomsky and others we may dub this part of the system the system of thought (with perhaps also a "language of thought" in so far as concepts can be combined without using the linguistic system proper). By the same token this system is in some relevant sense external to the language system. Yet, again, the systems must be able to communicate, which takes place using the Conceptual-Intentional Interface (C-I interface). So, the traditional conception of language expressing a systematic relation between sound and meaning, now gets its expression in the following manner...

M. D. Hauser, N. Chomsky, W. T. Fitch

Science

The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve?  (537 Kb)

We argue that an understanding of the faculty of language requires substantial interdisciplinary cooperation. We suggest how current developments in linguistics can be profitably wedded to work in evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and neuroscience. We submit that a distinction should be made between the faculty of  language in the broad sense (FLB) and in the narrow sense (FLN). FLB includes a sensory-motor system, a conceptual-intentional system, and the computational mechanisms for recursion, providing the capacity to generate an infinite range of expressions from a finite set of elements. We hypothesize that FLN only includes recursion and is the only uniquely human component of the faculty of language. We further argue that FLN may have evolved for reasons other than language, hence comparative studies might look for evidence of such computations outside of the domain of communication (for example, number, navigation, and social relations)...

R. Jackendoff, S. Pinker

Cognition

The Nature of the Language Faculty and its Implications for Evolution of Language (175 Kb)

(Reply to Fitch, Hauser, & Chomsky)

In a continuation of the conversation with Fitch, Chomsky, and Hauser on the evolution of  language, we examine their defense of the claim that the uniquely human, language-specific part of the language faculty (the "narrow language faculty") consists only of recursion, and that this part cannot be considered an adaptation to communication. We argue that their characterization of the narrow language faculty is problematic for many reasons, including its dichotomization of cognitive capacities into those that are utterly unique and those that are identical to nonlinguistic or nonhuman capacities, omiiting capacities that may have been substantially modified during human evolution. We also question their dichotomy of the current utility verus original function and similarity due to inheritance from a recent common ancestor. We show that recursion, though absent from other animals communications systems, is found in visual cognition, hence cannot be the sole evolutionary development that granted language to humans. Finally, we note that despite Fitch et al.'s denial, their view of language evolution is tied to Chomsky;s conception of language itself, which identifies combinatorial productivity with a core of "narrow syntax". An alternative conception, in which combinatoriality is spread across words and constructions, has both empirical advantages and greater evolutionary plausibility...

• Evolutionary Explanation

• The FLN/FLB Distinction

• The Recursion-Only Hypothesis

• Alternative Theories of the Nature of Language

W. T. Fitch, M. D. Hauser & N. Chomsky

Cognition

The Evolution of the Language Faculty: Clarifications and Implications (1.57 Mb)

In this response to Pinker and Jackendoff's critique, we extend our previous framework  for discussion of language evolution, clarifying certain distinctions and elaborating on a number of points...

• Introduction

• Clarifying the FLB/FLN Distinction
• Biolinguistics and the Minimalist Program
• What is language "for"?

• What's Special: A Reexamination of the Evidence

• Conceptual Structure
• Speech Perception
• Speech Production
• Phonology
• Words
• Syntax
• Summary: Our view of the evidence

• Conclusion: Where do we go from there?

S. Pinker, R. Jackendoff

Cognition

The Faculty of Language: What's Special about it? (210 Kb)

We examine the question of which aspects of language are uniquely human and uniquely linguistic in light of recent suggestions by Hauser, Chomsky, and Fitch that the only such aspect is syntactic recursion, the rest of language being either specific to humans but not to language (e.g., words and concepts) or not specific to humans (e.g., speech perception). We find the hypothesis problematic...

• The Issue of What is Special to Lnaguage

• What's Special: A Brief  Examination of the Evidence

• Conceptual Structure

• Speech Perception

• Speech Production

• Phonology

• Words

• Syntax

• Summary of the evidence on the recursion-only hypothesis

• Some genetic evidence

• The Minimalist Program as a Rationale for the Recursion-Only Hypothesis

• Language, Communication, and Evolution

• Language is badly designed for communication

• Language is "perfect"

• The narrow  language faculty evolved for reasons other than language 

S. Pinker

Talk of genetics and vice versa  (125 Kb)

Does our ability to talk lie in our genes? The suspicion is bolstered by the discovery of a gene that might affect how the brain circuitry needded for speech and language develops...

C. S. L. Lai, S. E. Fisher, J. A. Hurst, F. Vargha-Khadem & A. P. Monaco

Nature

A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder  (263 Kb)

Individuals affected with developmental disorders of speech and language have substantial difficulty acquiring expressive and/or receptive language in the absence of any profound sensory or neurological impairment and despite adequate intelligence and opportunity. Although studies of twins consistently indicate that a significant genetic component is involved, most families segregating speech and language deficits show complex patterns of inheritance, and a gene that predisposes individuals to such disorders has not been identified...

Y. Arshavsky

Brain and Mind

When did Mozart Become a Mozart? 
Neurophysiological Insight Into Behavioral Genetics  (57 Kb)

Keywords: behavioral genetics, cognitive ability, modular organization, quantitative trait locus, specific congenital impairments

The prevailing concept in modern cognitive neuroscience is that cognitive functions are performed predominantly at the network level, whereas the role of individual neurons is unlikely to extend beyond forming the simple basic elements of these networks. Within this conceptual framework, individuals of outstanding cognitive abilities appear as a result of a favorable configuration of the microarchitecture of the cognitive-implicated networks, whose final formation in ontogenesis may occur in a relatively random way. Here I suggest an alternative concept, which is based on neurological data and on data from human behavioral genetics. I hypothesize that cognitive functions are performed mainly at the intracellular, probably at the molecular level. Central to this hypothesis is the idea that the neurons forming the networks involved in cognitive processes are complex elements whose functions are not limited to generating electrical potentials and releasing neurotransmitters. According to
this hypothesis, individuals of outstanding abilities are so due to a ‘lucky’ combination of specific genes that determine the intrinsic properties of neurons involved in cognitive functions of the brain...

• Modular Organization of Cognitive Functions

• Genetics of Cognitive Abilities and Disabilities

• Search for the Genes: Specificity

• What Characteristics of Neural Networks Are Determined by Genetic Factors?

...this hypothesis suggests that cognitive functions are performed mainly not
at the network level, but at the intracellular...

E. Lüders, H. Steinmetz and L. Jäncke

Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuropsychology

Brain size and grey matter volume in the healthy human brain (90 Kb)

Keywords: Brain size; Brain volume; Cerebrospinal fluid; Grey matter; Sex difference; White matter

It is still a matter of dispute whether the often reported sex differences in cognitive abilities (e.g. verbal and spatial cognition) are related to underlying biological factors (genetic, hormonal, or maturation) affecting both brain structure and function...

J. Moll, R. Zahn, R. de Oliveira-Souza, F. Krueger and J. Grafman

The neural basis of human moral cognition (0.98 Mb)

Moral cognitive neuroscience is an emerging field of research that focuses on the neural basis of uniquely human forms of social cognition and behaviour. Recent functional imaging and clinical evidence indicates that a remarkably consistent network of brain regions is involved in moral cognition. These
findings are fostering new interpretations of social behavioural impairments in patients with brain dysfunction, and require new approaches to enable us to understand the complex links between individuals and society. Here, we propose a cognitive neuroscience view of how cultural and context-dependent knowledge, semantic social knowledge and motivational states can be integrated to explain complex aspects of human moral cognition...

Ecological validity is especially relevant for moral cognition studies, because moral cognition depends strongly on situational and cultural context.

...moral emotions result from interactions among values, norms and contextual elements of social situations, and are elicited in response to
violations or enforcement of social preferences and expectations.

I. Tattersall

The Anatomical Record

What Happened in the Origin of Human Consciousness? (288 Kb)

Keywords: human evolution; consciousness; symbolic cognition; exaptation; Neanderthals; intellingence; evolution

There is undoubtedly something special about us humans, Homo sapiens. We are language-using, symbolically reasoning being, whose relationship to the rest of the living world is, so far as we know, totally unlike that of any of the millions of other living species with whom we share our planet. In some elusive though all too real way, we stand apart from the rest of Nature, seeking to explain it, and worse, to manipulate and change it. Yet there can be no doubt that our origins lie firmly within the natural world. We are, in other words, directly descended from an ancestor that was neither linguistic nor rational (or irrational!) in the way in which we are. We started well on the other side of the narrow but deep gulf that now separates us from even closest of living relatives....

In Nature, form has to precede function, if only because without form there can be no function.

There is little reason to believe that the Neanderthals possessed symbolic reasoning abilities, or articulate language, as the Cro-Magnons so clearly did.

It is this leap to symbolic manipulation in the mind that most truly marks us off from other forms of life on Earth.

А. Иваницкий

Психофизиология

Сознание и мозг (263 Kb)

Сознание человека - есть, по существу, его жизнь, состоящая из бесконечной смены впечатлений, мыслей и воспоминаний. Загадка нашего мозга многопланова и затрагивает интересы многих наук, исследующим тайны бытия. Один из главных вопросов - как сознание связано с мозгом?...

• Возврат возбуждения и механизм ощущений

• Сознание и речь. Лобная кора

• Сознание и искусственный интеллект

M. Donald

Precis of Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition (98 Kb)

This book was an attempt to synthesize various sources of information - neurobiological, psychological, archeological and anthropological, among others - about our cognitive origins, in the belief that the human mind co-evolved in close interaction with both brain and culture. I should make clear from the start that I have no illusions about my ability to become expert in all of the disciplines touched on by this enterprise; accordingly my effort should be regarded with suspicion by all; at best, it will probably prove to be no more than a guide to some of the important questions that remain to be settled. This precis focuses on my core theory and disregards most of the background material reviewed at length in the book itself.

My central hypothesis is that there were three major cognitive transformations by which the modern human mind emerged over several million years, starting with a complex of skills presumably resembling those of the chimpanzee. These transformations left, on the one hand, three new, uniquely human systems of memory representation, and on the other, three interwoven layers of human culture, each supported by its corresponding set of representations... hence I have described the evolutionary scenario as a series of cultural adaptations, even though individual cognition was really where the main event was taking place, since it provides the linkage between physical and cultural evolution...

• The starting point: the abilities of apes

• First transition: mimetic skill and autocueing

• Second transition: lexical invention

• Third transition: the externalization of memory

T. V. Chernigovskaya

Journal of Evolutionary Biochemistry and Physiology

Homo loquens: Evolution of Cerebral Functions and Language  (66 Kb)

The paper reviews the state of the problem of evolution of language and brain. Various points of view are considered: nativism and connectionism, principle of modular organization of the higher physic functions including language, and that of organization of all functions on the basis of the network and associative principle. There is also considered the justifiability of the idea of macromutations that have led to the same. Also considered are specific verbal disturbances including genetic ones...

Т. В. Черниговская

Теоретические проблемы языкознания

Мозг и язык: полтора века исследований (214 Kb)

Вопросы мозговой организации речевых функций как основы коммуникации и познания человеком свойств внешнего мира и самого себя на протяжении многих столетий находятся в центре внимания представителей разных областей знания. Попытки найти материальный субстрат языка и сознания начали предприниматься ещё до новой эры в трудах восточных и европейских философов...

T. V. Chernigovskaya

Any Words in the Brain's Language? Does Mind Really Work That Way?  (201 Kb)

The paper discusses specificity of linguistic competence, brain imaging data, mental lexicon in language acquisition and pathology. Connectionist and modular approaches are observed in the context of origins of language and in the cognitive framework...

... what do we store: lexemes (tens of thousands) or concepts? In what form and by what means interconnected?..

• Language Origins and Specificity
• Localizationistic and Holistic Approaches: Brain Imaging Data

• Mental Lexicon: Modularity vs. Connectionism?

M. Alač & E. Hutchins

Journal of Cognition and Culture

I see what you are saying: Action as cognition in fMRI brain mapping practice (524 Kb)

In cognitive neuroscince, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to produce images of brain functions. These images play a central role in the practice of neuroscience. In this paper we are interested in how these brain images become understandable and meaningful for scientists. In order to explore this problem we observe how scientists use such semiotic resources as gesture, language, and materail structure present in the socially and culturally constituted enviroment. A micro-analysis of video records of scientists interacting with each other and with fMRI images reveals action as cognition, that is, actions that constitute thinking for the scientists...

E. H. Chudler

Odyssey

A Computer in Your Head?  (568 Kb)

What has billions of individual pieces, trillions of connections, weighs about 1.4 kilograms, and works on electrochemical energy? If you guessed a minicomputer, you're wrong. If you guessed the human brain, you're correct! The human brain: a mass of white-pink tissue taht aloows you to ride a bike, read a book, laugh at a joke, and remember your friend's phone number. And that's just for starters. Your brain controls your emotions, appetite, sleep, heart rate, and breathing. Your brain is who you are and everything you will be.

The amazing brain has been compared to many different objects and devices - from a spider web to a clock to a telephone switchboard. Nowadays, people like to compare it to a computer. Is your brain really like the metal box that hums on your desk? Let's look at the similarities and differences between the two...

E. A. Bates, J. L. Elman

Brain development and cognition

Connectionism and the Study of Change  (130 Kb)

Developmental psychology and developmental neuropsychology have traditionally focused on the study of children. But these two fields are also supposed to be about the study of change, i.e. changes in behavior, changes in the neural structures that underlie behavior, and changes in the relationship between mind and brain across the course of development...

T. Chernigovskaya

Semiotica

Cognitive Struggle with Sensory Chaos: Semiotics of Olfaction and Hearing  (140 Kb)

Quodcunque ostendis mihi sic, incredulus odi.
Horat

Our perception of any physical input depends on the characteristics of the sensory systems. These are our windows to the world as well as the doors through which the world enters our mind. But even after reaching the receptors sensory information does not loose its diffuse and fuzzy nature: it is nothing but a flow of chemical, acoustic, mechanical or light waves of some kind that still have to be organized and - most importantly - categorized in a manner consistent with the 1constraints of a certain kind of living species. Every living being on this planet has its own Umvelt adapted to its own specific needs...

• Auditus

• Olfactus

• Brain & Nose

• Hyperosmia as Hypersemia

S. Davtian & T. Chernigovskaya

Sign Systems Stidies

Psychiatry in free fall: In pursuit of a semiotic foothold  (92 Kb)

Umwelt, as elaborated by Jakob von Uexküll, is a model (as developed by Thomas Sebeok), a model of the world, or, better, the worlds, as there are innumerable models constructed by different inhabitants of our planet. Everything has it's own Umwelt adapted to its specific needs (Uexküll 1928). 

Non-human signs are everywhere, investigated by different branches of semiotics endeavoring to understand stars and rocks, plants and animals (Hoffmeyer 1996; Kull 1998, 2001). However, humans are the only living beings who know that there are signs, i.e. who have the ability to engage in acts of reflection and self-reflection thereby creating a semiosphere of a specific character (Lotman 1984, 1990). As Deely puts it when discussing Peirces's views all thought is in signs (Deely 1998). Ethosemiotics, or teleosemiotics, was proposed by Ponzio & Petrilli (2003) when elaborating upon an earlier idea of the semiotic self (Sebeok, 1979; Sebeok, Petrilli, Ponzio 2001); and autosemiosis was defined as a universal principle of Nature to reflect itself (Seppänan 2003) making biosemiotic space still richer. 

Is there any relation between semiotics and psychiatry? Is semiotics essential for an understanding of the causes of mental disorders? Psychosemiotics, acknowledged by many authors as a branch of the biosemiotic sciences, is a domain that fills a huge but very important gap in our knowledge of human nature and its deviations...

• The depressive patient and his reality

• The paranoid patient and his reality

P. Cariani

Keywords: Semiotics, biosemiotics, cybernetics, scientific models, adaptive systems, evolutionary robotics, functional emergence, self-reproductiong automata, genetic codes

Towards an Evolutionary Semiotics: The Emergence of New Sign-Functions in Organisms and Devices  (63 Kb)

Signs, symbols, and signals are essential to the survival and evolution of all complex functional organizations that utilize "information" We discuss basic semiotic relations inherent in signalling systems (communication), scientific models (epistemology), adaptive devices (control), and biological organisms (construction). For each of these different functional realms, basic syntactic, semantic, and pragmatic relations are outlined. An evolutionary semiotics seeks to explain how new semiotic relationships can evolve over time. New signalling channels appear in communications systems by the construction of new ways of sending and detecting signals; new observables appear in scientific models through the physical construction of new measuring devices; new "feature primitives" emerge in devices through adaptive construction of sensors. These physical construction and selection processes have analogues in biological evolution. We discuss the critical role that symbols play in living organizations and in the evolutionary process. "Semiotic evolution" and the "semiotics of evolution" thus point us in a common direction, towards a unified, "evolutionary semiotics"...

...the most striking aspect of symbols in biological organisms is their central role in self-production, in reproduction and in evolution... We cannot understand symbols fully until we understand their role in the organization of life.

V. Kuperman, J. Zislin

Semiotic Perspective of Psychiatric Diagnosis  (95 Kb)

We attempt in this paper to point at several notions that inform the rules of diagnostic interpretation in psychiatry. The argument is that psychiatric diagnostics can be meaningfully approached from the viewpoint of concepts of normality, sincerity and pathology. These concepts apply to different stages of the decision-making process, and form the basis for epistemological propositions that the diagnostician needs to account for. We will further aim to demonstrate how the truth-values of derived propositions structuralize the differential description of several psychiatric phenomena - such as health, mental illness, deceptive disorders, Munchausen syndrome, malingering, and personality disorders - along with a range of non-medical experiences. By introducing the triad of diagnostic concepts (normality, sincerity and pathology) we do not aspire to offer a new method of assessing mental disorders, nor do we redefine norm or suffering. It is rather assumed that placing a vast variety of clinical presentations in the new conceptual framework will allow for explication and structural modeling of diagnostic decisions that the psychiatrist makes routinely...

• Propositions of Diagnostic Procedure

• Structurization of Semiotic Choices

И. А. Секерина

Ключевые слова:  метод вызванных потенциалов мозга, американская психолингвистика, нейронаука, нейролингвистика, русский язык, порядок слов, мозг, понимание языка, восприятие языка, распознавание, нейроны, электроэнцефалограмма, сигнал, псевдослова, компоненты потенциала, латентность потенциала, амплитуда потенциала, полярность потенциала, P600, N400, негативность, позитивность, объем памяти, рабочая память, грамматические нарушения, предложения с заполнителем/пропуском, контекст, оборудование для записи вызванных потенциалов, усреднитель, электрод, электродная шапочка, испытуемый, топография электродов, электроокулограмма, сопротивляемость электродов, эксперимент, поведенческие результаты, аккуратность, время реакции, чтение с саморегуляцией скорости, статистический анализ, дисперсионный анализ... 

Метод вызванных потенциалов мозга в американской психолингвистике и его использование при решении проблемы порядка слов в русском языке  (901 Kb)

В данной статье представлен краткий обзор метода вызванных потенциалов мозга (ВП), который получил широкое распространение в американской психолингвистке с 1990 гг. ВП променяются при изучении всех этапов понимания языка, включая восприятие звуков, слов и псевдослов, словосочетаний и предложений, анафоры, связаного текста, а также при определении нагрузки на рабочую память. Описаны основные компоненты, характеризующие языковые процессы, N400 и P600, представлена типовая конфигурация системы ВП, включая оборудование и программное обеспечение. В качестве иллюстрации приводится конкретный пример протокола проведения психолингвистического эксперимента и приводятся результаты ВП эксперимента, посвященного изучению разницы между восприятием вопросительных и повествовательных предложений со Скрэмблингом в русском языке....

K. S. Strel'nikov, V. A. Vorob'ev, M. S. Rudas, T. V. Chernigovskaya, and S. V. Medvedev

Human Physiology

Физиология человека

A PET Study of the Brain Mechanisms Underlying Perception of Phrases with Syntagmatic Splitting  (201 Kb)

(перевод с:)

ПЭТ-исследование мозгового обеспечения восприятия фраз с синтагматическим членением (789 Kb)

Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to localize the brain regions involved in the processing of pauses and intonation changes, which underly the syntactically correct perception of auditory verbal stimuli. Subjects were asked to listen to a phrase and to choose a correct answer from two variants presented on a monitor screen. Differences in cerebral blood circulation were mapped for perception of phrases containing or lacking a pause determining the meaning. Conscious analysis of the phrase structure was associated with activation of the right lower prefrontal area and the right posterior medial area of the cerebellum. The possible role of these structures in analyzing factors of syntagmatic splitting is discussed...

K. N. Strelnikov, V. A. Vorobyev, T. V. Chernigovskaya, and S. V. Medvedev

NeuroImage

Prosodic clues to syntactic processing - a PET and ERP study  (207 Kb)

Keywords: Syntactic; Prosodic; Language; Brain imaging; Speech perception; PET; ERP

Syntactic processing of spoken speech often involves prosodic clues processing. In the present PET and ERP study, subjects listened to phrases in which different prosodic segmentation dramatically changed the meaning of the phrase. In the contrast of segmented vs. non-segmented phrases, PET data revealed activation in the right dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex and in the right cerebellum. These brain structure, therefore, might be part of the syntactic analysis network involved in prosodic segmentation and pitch processing. ERP results revealed frontal negativity that was sensitive to the position of the segmenting pause, possibly reflecting prosody-based semantic prediction. The present results are discussed in the context of their relation to brain networks of emotions, prosody, and synatx perception...

M. S. Gazzaniga

Brain

Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication. Does the corpus callosum enable the human condition?  (919 Kb)

Keywords: cerebral specialization; callosum; interhemispheric; interpreter

The surgical disconnection of the cerebral hemispheres creates an extraordinary opportunity to study basic neurological mechanisms: the organisation of the sensory and motors systems, the cortical representation of the perceptual and cognitive processes, the lateralization of function, and, perhaps most inportantly, how the divided brain yields cluesto the nature of conscious experience...

T. V. Chernigovskaya, S. E. Davtian, N. N. Petrova, and K. N. Strel'nikov

Human Physiology

Физиология человека

Hemispheric Asymmetry in Prosody Perception by Healthy Subjects and Schizophrenic Patients  (152 Kb)

(перевод с:)

Специфика полушарной ассиметрии восприятия интонаций в норме и при шизофрении  (376 Kb)

The interhemispheric interactions in perception of Russian prosody were studied in the norm and in schizophrenia as a clinic model of impaired hemispheric interactions. Monaural presentation of stimuli and binaural presentation in a free acoustical field were used. Sentences with main variants of Russian prosodic intonations were used as stimuli. The response time and the number of erroneous responses were recorded. In binaural listening without headphones, no significant difference in the percent of errors in identifying the emotional prosody was found between healthy subjects and schizophrenics. Compared with the healthy subjects, the patients made more errors in understanding the logical stress and fewer errors in understanding the syntagmatic segmentation. By response time, a significant dominance of the left ear was revealed in the healthy subjects during monoural listening to sentences with emotional prosody and complete or incomplete sentences, whereas no significant ear dominance was found in the schizophrenics. During monoural listening to sentences with logical stress, the response time was shorter when stimuli were presented to the right ear both in the healthy subjects and in the schizophrenics. The results testified that the functional brain asymetry in schizophrenics is flattened. The flattening was less evident in the preception of a logical stress in a sentence and did not significantly affect the efficiency of identification of emotional prosody and syntagmatic segmentation of a sentence...

T. V. Chernigovskaya, T. A. Gavrilova, A. V. Voinov, and K. N. Strel'nikov

Human Physiology

Физиология человека

Sensorimotor and Cognitive Laterality Profiles  (153 Kb)

(перевод с:)

Сенсо-моторный и когнитивный латеральный профиль (115 Kb)

Different types of functional asymmetries, which form individual laterality profiles, were compared with the use of a battery of sensorimotor and cognitive laterality tests (TOPOS), the Benziger thinking style assessment (BTSA) test, the Cattell 17PF test, and psychosemantic multidimensional scaling. The proportion of men was shown to be higher among individuals with the left-side, symmetrical, and intersecting motor laterality profiles. Men with a dominant left leg or without asymmetry in the profile were more frequent than women, whereas women prevailed among persons with a dominant left eye. Different laterality profiles were obtained for different factors of the Cattell test. Comparison of the sensorimotor laterality and the BTSA data showed that more than half of persons with the left-hemispheric sensorimotor profile prefer right-hemispheric cognitive strategies. The results suggest that lateralities of different types may be nonuniform...

K. E. Kristoffersen

Articulation of consonants in cri du chat syndrome - a gestural approach  (848 Kb)

This paper deals with consonant production in Cri du chat syndrome. Persons with this syndrome have problems to varying degrees with both language reception and language production, and consonant productions have been shown to be both delayed and deviant compared to persons with normal language abilities...

T. Helland and R. Kaasa

Keywords: dyslexia; L2 acquisition; L2 testing; comprehension; verbal skills; literacy skills

Dyslexia in English as a Second Language  (129 Kb)

This study focused on English as L2 in a group of Norwegian dyslexic 12 years olds, compared to an age and gender matched control group... It was hypothesized that the results of the control group and the dyslexia group would differ on all tasks, but that subgrouping the dyslexia group by comprehension skills would show heterogeneity within the dyslexia group...

M. Leikin

Language & Language Behavior

Identification of words' grammatical functions in Hebrew: Electrophysiological evidence (166 Kb)

The paper presents the results of two electrophysiological experiments that focused on processing words’ grammatical functions during reading of Hebrew sentences by normal and dyslexic readers...

• Hebrew language

• ERP study of contribution of words’ grammatical functions to sentence processing

• Dyslexia and syntactic abilities

• Electrophysiological Baseline Measures

J. Schaeffer

Specific Language Impairment as evidence for the division of labor between interface pragmatics and grammar  (282 Kb)

Models of cognition and language, such as the Modularity Hypothesis can help generate hypotheses about the nature of language disorders, and vice versa. The view of cognition in general, and language, in particular, as arising from a complex interaction of various cognitive domains and further, that these domains are autonomous in the sense that they are governed by distinct principles. This description suggests that we can distinguish two types of modularity. Results of studies on Specific Language Impairment, showing that impairment can be isolated to language alone, provide support for a Modularity Hypothesis corresponding to A: Big Modularity. As for the one in B, or Small Modularity, the question arises as to what modules language itself consists of...

J. Schaeffer

Pragmatic and SLI  (152 Kb)

Models of cognition and grammar can help generate hypotheses about the nature of language disorders, and vice versa. Specific Language Impairment (SLI) is a particularly relevant field of research in this respect because the impairment is supposed to be restricted to language, i.e. no other cognitive function is disordered. Although this chapter focuses on SLI, it would be interesting to test the proposed hypotheses in other language disorders as well...

J. Schaeffer, G. Gordishevsky, G. Kadar and A. Hacohen

Grammatical and pragmatic properties of subjects in
English SLI (121 Kb)

Traditionally, Specific Language Impairment, or SLI, is considered a disorder that affects language, but no other cognitive function, hence the term: Specific Language Impairment. Many researchers nowadays agree that the disorder is even more specific: it mainly affects grammar, while other components of language, such as the lexicon or the pragmatic system remain mostly unimpaired...
In this paper we provide support for the hypothesis that the deficits of children with (grammatical) SLI are restricted to the Computational System. We do this by showing that, unlike normally developing children, language-stage matched children with SLI do not display errors caused by the lack of certain pragmatic principles. However, they do make similar morpho-syntactic errors. These findings contribute to the hypothesis that the Computational System and the Pragmatic System are distinct modules....

Т. В. Черниговская

А. Р. Лурия и психология XXI века

Дети со специфическими языковыми расстройствами в свете современных дискуссий в лингвистике и психологии  (239 Kb)

В последние годы исследование языковой способности детей с так называемыми специфическими языковыми расстройствами является одним из серьёзных  направлений экспериментальной лингвистики и ряда ещё недавно довольно отдалённых областей, в частности, генетики. Такой интерес возник в связи с дискуссиями об организации ментального лексикона с одной стороны, и в связи с накапливающимися немногочисленными, но чрезвычайно ценными данными о генетической аномалии, вызывающей нарушения языковой системы...

Н. Ш. Александрова

Ключевые слова: пластичность, детские афазии, синдром Ландау-Клеффнера, сенсорные алалии, эпилепсия

Детские афазии и синдром Ландау-Клеффнера в свете пластичности мозга  (268 Kb)

Данная работа - обзор отечественной и зарубежной литературы с целью проследить зависимость обратного развития детской афазии от этиологии и характера нарушения... Приводятся сведения об этиологии, течении, прогнозе и лечении синдрома Ландау-Клеффнера по литературным данным. Обсуждается возможность сочетания синдромов в клинике детских афазий. Пластичность мозга, т.е. способность к перестройке для компенсации нарушения, проявляется по-разному и зависит, прежде всего, от характера нарушения - повреждение структуры или расстройство функции мозга...

E. Ruigendijk, S. Baauw, S. Zuckerman, N.Vasić, J. de Lange & S. Avrutin

A cross-linguistic study on the interpretation of  pronouns by children and agrammatic speakers:
Evidence from Dutch, Spanish, and Italian  (289 Kb)

We investigated the comprehension of pronouns and reflexives by children and agrammatic aphasics in a cross-linguistic study of Dutch, Spanish and Italian. We compared the interpretation of these elements in transitive and Exceptional Case Marking constructions to be able to distinguish between three important theories on Binding: Government and Binding (Chomsky, 1981), Reflexivity (1993) and Primitives of Binding (2001). The results are in favor of a theory that distinguishes between the interpretation of pronouns in transitive and ECM structures, such as Reflexivity or Primitives of Binding. We propose that a natural explanation follows from Primitives of Binding, combining the notion of economy with the claim that children and agrammatic aphasics have a limited amount of processing resources available for performing syntactic operations. Thus, the economy hierarchy for reference establishment is different resulting in problems with interpretation of pronouns in ECM sentences...

E. Bates, A. Devescovi, and B. Wulfeck

Keywords: cross-linguistic, aphasia, language development

Psycholinquistics: A Cross-Language Perspective  (238 Kb)

Cross-linguistic studies are essential to the identification of universal processes in language development, language use, and language breakdown. Com­parative studies in all three areas are reviewed, demonstrating powerful differences across languages in the order in which specific structures are acquired by children, the sparing and impairment of those structures in aphasic patients, and the structures that normal adults rely upon most heavily in real-time word and sentence processing. It is proposed that these differences reflect a cost-benefit trade-off among universal mech­anisms for learning and processing (perception, attention, motor planning, memory) that are critical for language, but are not unique to language...

• Cross-language contrasts and their relevance for processing

• Cross-linguistic variations in language development

• Cross-linguistic variations in aphasia

• Cross-linguistic variations in word and sentence processing

J. Frow

Social Semiotics

Metaphor and Metacommunication in Schizophrenic Language (872 Kb)

Since the beginning of this century, psychiatrists and linguists, assuming a correlation between disordered talk and disordered cognition, have sought to devise language tests with diagnostic efficiency for mental 'illnesses'. Schizophrenia in particular has been assumed to be characterized by disorders of cohesion, of reference, and of symbolization. Much of this work is flawed by its a priori assumptions about the reality of the category of schizophrenia and about the relation between 'normal' and 'deviant' uses of language, as well as by particular methodological problems such as the failure to control for experimental context and for the effects of psychotropic drugs. Nevertheless, the debates within psychiatry and linguistics over communicative disorders have a good deal to tell us about the 'normal' uses of figurative language in social interaction. In particular, they raise complex questions about the metacommunicative functions of metaphor: How does figuratively coded language work to convey multiple simultaneous and sometimes contradictory messages? What kinds of discursive relations does it thereby establish or maintain or disrupt? How does it contribute to narrative cohesion, and are there tensions between figure and story? On what basis, if any, is it possible to distinguish between 'appropriate' and 'inappropriate' uses of metaphor?..

H. Jisa

Journal of Pragmatics

Language mixing in the weak language: Evidence from two children  (1.86 Mb)

The study examines the frequency and the type of language-mixing in two young French-English bilingual sisters. Their production is studied during a time period covering their first intensive contact with English, their weak language. The pattern of code-mixing for both children reflects their dominance in French. However, the two children show differences in mixing patterns over the time period. It is argued that the age at which a bilingual child begins to produce in her weak language has a profound impact on the type and the frequency of code-mixing. Language mixin in young bilinguals is very different from code-switching in adult bilinguals. The roots of code-switching can be seen in the early use of language choice as a function of addressee. Again, the two children show differences in development of the beginnings of code switching...

A. M. Proverbio, B. Čok, and A. Zani

Electrophysiological Measures of Language Processing in Bilinquals  (1.61 Mb)

The study examines the neurofunctional mechanisms of linguistic comprehension in monolingual and bilingual speakers engaged in the processing of well-formed or incongruent sentences in Italian and Slovenian. More specifically, the aim of the study was to investigate whether the two cerebral hemispheres of monolingual and polyglot people process orthographic, semantic, and syntactic aspects of written language differentially...

K. Patterson, M. A. Lambon Ralph, J. R. Hodges, J. L. McClelland

Neuropsychologia

Deficits in irregular past-tense verb morphology associated with degraded semantic knowledge  (169 Kb)

Keywords: Semantic dementia; Progressive fluent aphasia; Regularisation errors

Two distinct mechanisms are often considered necessary to account for generation of the past-tense of English verbs: a lexical associative process for irregular forms like speak - spoke, and a rule-governed process ('add -ed') for regular and novel forms like talk - talked and wug - wugged. An alternative account based on a parallel-distributed processing approach proposes that one complex procedure processes all past-tense types. In this alternative view, neuropsychological dissociations are explained by reduced input from word meaning that plays a greater role in successful generation og the past-tense for lower frequency irregular verbs, and by phonological deficits that disproportionately affect regular and novel forms. Only limited evidence has been available concerning the relationship between knowledge of word meaning and verb-tense processing. The study reported here evaluated the past-tense verb abilities of 11 patients with semantic dementia, a neurodegenerative condition characterised by degraded semantic knowledge...

P. Indefrey

Neural correlates of regular and irregular inflection  (17 Kb)

In the last years, it has been a matter of intense debate whether regular and irregular inflection are processed within the same cognitive module, or whether separate modules have to be assumed. Dual process models postulate a symbolic processing module for regular morphology, and lexical associative storage for irregular morphology. On the neural level, single process models predict overlap of the cerebral activations accompanying regular, resp. irregular morphological processing. Dual process models, conversely, predict some degree of non-overlapping activations. Neuroimaging techniques that provide information about the location of cerebral activations, such as PET and fMRI are in principle suitable methods to resolve this question...

S. Chandler. R. Skousen

Analogical Modeling and the English Past Tense. A Reply to Jaeger et al. 1996  (28 Kb)

In a recent article in Language, Jeri Jaeger and her colleaguages have presented behavioral data (reation times) and PET scan data on the generation of English past-tense forms which they argue are inconsistent with various 'single systems' approaches to modeling English verb form morphology, including Skousen's analogical approach. Unfortunately, the article mischaracterizes Skousen's approach so seriously as to make it impossible for Jaeger et al. to test it by comparing their results to the predictions of the model. A more accurate characterization of the analogical approach reveals that far from disconfirming it, the data reported in Jaeger et al. are completely compatible with the published descriptions of it...

M. Penke, H. Weyerts, M. Gross, E. Zander, T. F. Münte, H. Clahsen

Cognitive Brain Research

How the brain processes complex words: an event-related potential study of German verb inflections (596 Kb)

Keywords: Event-related potential; Language processing; Left anterior negativity; Regular and irregular inflection; Psycholinguistics; Morphology of language

Event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded as German-speaking subjects read verbs in correct and incorrect participle forms. The critical words were presented in threee different versions to three different groups of subjects, as part of a simple sentence, in a word list, and embedded in a story; for each version separate ERPs were recorded. Three types of verbs were investigated, regulars, irregulars and nonce verbs... We will interpret these findings with respect to psycholinguistics models of morphological processing and argue that the brain processes regularly inflected words differently from irregularly inflected ones, the latter by accessing full-form entries stored in memory and the former by a computational process that decomposes complex words into stems and affixes...

M. Weinrich, K. I. Boser, and D. McCall

Brain and Language

Representation of Linguistic Rules in the Brain:
Evidence from Training an Aphasic Patient to Produce Past Tense Verb Morphology (319 Kb)

We trained a patient with expressive aphasia and a deficit in phoneme- grapheme conversion to produce spoken English verbs with correct tense morphology. After training, he showed evidence of generalization to production of written regular, but not irregular, verbs in a sentence completion task. These data support dualroute, rule-based models within the brain for morphosyntactic operations....

R. Bastiaanse and R. van Zonneveld

Brain and Language

Broca's aphasia, verbs and the mental lexicon  (206 Kb)

Keywords: Broca's aphasia; Agrammatism; Verb movement; Transitivity

Verb production is notoriously difficult for individuals with Broca's aphasia, both at the word and at the sentence level. An intriguing question is at which level in the speec production these problems arise. The aim of the present study is to identify the functional locus of the impairment that results in verb production deficits in Broca's aphasia... 

K. Gor, T. Chernigovskaya

Glossos

Mental Lexicon Structure in L1 and L2 Acquisition:
Russian Evidence  (409 Kb)

This study explores the structure of the mental lexicon and the processing of Russian verbal morphology by three groups of speakers, adult American learners of Russian, Russian children aged 4-6 with normal linguistic development, and Russian children aged 4-7 with specific language impairment (SLI). The theoretical framework for this study comes from research on the structure of the mental lexicon and modularity in morphological processing. So far, there are very few studies investigating the processing of complex verbal morphology, with most of the work done on Icelandic, Norwegian, Italian, German, and Russian. The current views are shaped predominantly by research on English regular and irregular past-tense inflection, which has been conducted within two competing approaches...

• Is there a developmental tendency in child L1 acquisition of complex verbal morphology? 

• Does morphological processing in beginning adult second language (L2) learners match the processing in any of the child age groups?

• Which population, children or L2 learners, relies more on associative patterning?

T. Chernigovskaya and K. Gor

Language and Language Behavior

The Complexity of Paradigm and Input Frequencies in Native and Second Language Verbal Processing: Evidence from Russian  (112 Kb)

This study compares the processing of Russian verbal morphology in adult native speakers and American learners of Russian. It explores the role of type frequency, the complexity of paradigm, and morphological cues in Russian, a language with numerous verb classes and developed conjugational paradigms. Russian lacks the sharp distinction between regular and irregular verbs found in English, and accordingly, the study introduces the parameter of the complexity of paradigm to capture the gradual nature of regularity in a language with complex verbal morphology...

• What is the default pattern for Russian? Which conjugational patterns are more likely to be generalized to other verb classes?

• Are generalizations influenced by the type frequencies of the verbal classes involved and/or by the complexity of paradigm factor?

• What is the role of morphological cues in verbal processing?

• Are the rules shaping the conjugational pattern for a particular verb class applied in a set, or may they be disassociated in verbal processing?

• In what ways is L2 processing of complex verbal morphology similar to L1processing?

• In what ways do they differ?

• Which factors account for the differences in L1 and L2 processing?

• Do type frequency and the complexity of paradigm influence L2 processing in the same way they influence native processing?

K. Gor and T. Chernigovskaya

Formal Instruction and the Acquisition of Verbal Morphology  (279 Kb)

The present study investigates the processing of complex verbal morphology in second language (L2) learners. It focuses on the role of input frequencies, morphological complexity, and morphological cues in L2 acquisition of inflectional morphology in a formal instructional setting, and compares the L2 processing data to the baseline native language (L1) data. In particular, the study addresses the following research issues: (1) Does explicit instruction in complex morphological rules result in the successful learning of these rules as reflected on pencil-and-paper tests? (2) Does explicit instruction on verb conjugation facilitate the development of native-like verbal processing strategies in L2 learners (3) What is the role of input frequencies in L2 processing of complex verbal morphology? Two groups of subjects, adult American formal learners and adult native speakers of Russian, participated in the experiments, which involved oral and written generation of the nonpast tense Russian novel verb forms from the past-tense stimuli. The study uses its own L2 input frequency counts obtained for the L2 participants. The results of the study indicate that both groups of subjects used the same processing strategies, and relied on default processing in similar ways. The differences in the rates of L2 and L1 use of the individual conjugational patterns are to a considerable extent due to the differences in the input frequencies to the L2 and L1 speakers. Neither the dual-system nor the singlesystem theories of morphological processing can handle the reported data on the processing of complex Russian morphology, which calls for a model integrating both of these theories. The influence of input frequencies on L2 verbal processing documented in this study highlights the importance of the statistical characteristics of the language used in a formal classroom for the development of native-like processing strategies in L2 learners...

R. de D. Balaguer, A. Costa, N. Sebastián-Galles, M. Juncadella, and A. Caramazza

Brain and Language

Regular and irregular morphology and its relationship with agrammatism: Evidence from two Spanish-Catalan bilinguals  (278 Kb)

We report the performance of two aphasic patients in a morphological transformation task. Both patients are Spanish–Catalan bilingual speakers who were diagnosed with agrammatic Broca's aphasia. In the morphological transformation task, the two patients were asked to produce regular and irregular verb forms. The patients showed poorer performance with irregular than regular morphological transformations in both of their languages. These results are at odds with the proposal that agrammatic speech is always or even preponderantly associated with poorer performance in processing regular versus irregular verb form. Instead, these results support the view that a major component of agrammatic production is a deficit in morphosyntactic processing, independently of whether this processing ultimately involves regular or irregular forms...

K. Plunkett, S. Bandelow

Brain and Language

Stochastic approaches to understanding dissociations in inflectional morphology  (528 Kb)

Keywords: Double dissociation; Inflectional morphology; Past tense; English plurals; Connectionist models; Neural networks; Aphasia; Alzheimer’s disease; Parkinson’s disease; Single case studies

Computer modelling research has undermined the view that double dissociations in behaviour are suffcient to infer separability in the cognitive mechanisms underlying those behaviours. However, all these models employ multi-modal representational schemes, where functional specialisation of processing emerges from the training process. Targeted lesioning of different regions of functional specialisation leads to varied but predictable deWcits in model performance. We argue that multi-modal representational schemes are not a necessary condition for the observation of double dissociations in an information processing system that shares resources across multiple tasks. Using a uni-modal representational system, we demonstrate that double dissociations may also result from stochastic processes. Lesioning experiments on a single-route, uni-modal connectionist model of regular and irregular noun and verb morphology confirm and extend earlier work demonstrating that selective impairment across tasks can result from damage to a distributed information processing system. A systematic investigation of the degree to which performance deteriorates across diVerent inflectional classes reveals that simple and double dissociations can occur in this single-route, uni-modal model. An important prediction of the model is that double dissociations between regular and irregular inflection, resulting from stochastic processes should be extremely rare. However, they are particularly likely to occur when the researcher uses test batteries consisting of a small number of items. Given that cognitive neuropsychologists rarely provide details about the distribution of performance in a disordered population, it is concluded that a stochastic interpretation of double dissociations may have wider applicability than is normally supposed.

N.  Braber, K. Patterson, K. Ellis, M. A. Lambon Ralph

Brain and Language

The relationship between phonological and morphological deficits in Broca's aphasia: Further evidence from errors in verb inflection (697 Kb)

Keywords: Broca's aphasia; Past tense; Verb morphology; PDP connectionism; Dual-Mechanism account

A previous study of 10 patients with Broca's aphasia demonstrated that the advantage for producing the past tense of irregular over regular verbs exhibited by these patients was eliminated when the two sets of past-tense forms were matched for phonological complexity. The interpretation given was that a generalised phonological impairment was central to the patients' language deficits, including their poor performance on regular past tense verbs. The current paper provides further evidence in favour of this hypothesis, on the basis of a detailed analysis of the errors produced by these same 10 patients in reading, repetition, and sentence completion for a large number of regular, irregular, and nonce verbs. The patients' predominant error types in all tasks and for all verb types were close and distant phonologically related responses. The balance between close and distant errors varied along three continua: the severitocess for regular verbs and a lexical-associative process for irregular verbs; (b) a single system drawing on phonological and semantic knowledge. The latter account invokes phonological impairment as the basis of poorer performance for regular than irregular past tense forms, due to greater phonological complexity of the regular past. In 10 nonfluent aphasic patients, the apparent disadvantage for the production of regular past tense forms disappeared when phonological complexity was controlled. In a same-different judgment task on spoken words, all patients were impaired at judging regular stem and past-tense verbs like man/ manned to be different, but equally poor at phonologically matched non-morphological discriminations like men/mend. These results indicate a central phonological deficit that is not limited to speech output nor to morphological processing; under such a deficit, distinctions lacking phonological salience, as typified by regular past tense English verbs, become especially vulnerable.

M. A. Lambon Ralph, N. Braber, J. L. McClelland, K. Patterson

Brain and Language

What underlies the neuropsychological pattern of irregular > regular past-tense verb production? (529 Kb)

Keywords: Past-tense morphology; Phonology; Broca's aphasia; Connectionist modelling

The disadvantage in producing the past tense of regular relative to irregular verbs shown by some patients with non-fluent aphasia has been alternatively attributed (a) to the failure of a specific rule-based morphological mechanism, or (b) to a more generalised phonological impairment that penalises regular verbs more than irregular owing to the on-average greater phonological complexity of regular past-tense forms. Guided by the second of these two accounts, the current study was designed to identify more specific aspects of phonological deficit that might be associated with the pattern of irregular > regular past-tense production. Non-fluent aphasic patients (N = 8) were tested on past-tense ver b production tasks and assessed with regard to the impact of three main manipulations in other word-production tasks: (i) insertion of a delay between stimulus and response in repetition; (ii) presence/ number of consonant clusters in a target word in repetition; (iii) position of stress within a bi-syllabic word in repetition and picture
naming. The performance of all patients deteriorated in delayed repetition; but the patients with the largest discrepancy between regular and irregular past-tense production showed greater sensitivity to the other two manipulations. The phonological nature of the factors that correlated with verb-inflection performance emphasises the role of a phonological deficit in the observed pattern of irregular > regular.

J.-F. Démonet, G. Thierry and D. Cardebat

Physiological Reviews

Renewal of the Neurophysiology of Language: 
Functional Neuroimaging (1.62 Mb)

Functional neuroimaging methods have reached maturity. It is now possible to start to build the foundations of a physiology of language. The remarkable number of neuroimaging studies performed so far illustrates the potential of this approach, which complements the classical knowledge accumulated on aphasia. Here we attempt to characterize the impact of the functional neuroimaging revolution on our understanding of language. Although today considered as neuroimaging techniques, we refer less to electroencephalography and agnetoencephalography studies than to positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies, which deal more directly with the question of localization and functional neuroanatomy. This review is structured in three parts. 1) Because of their rapid evolution, we address technical and methodological issues to provide an overview of current procedures and sketch out future perspectives. 2) We review a set of significant results acquired in normal adults (the core of functional imaging studies) to provide an overview of language mechanisms in the “standard” brain. Single-word processing is considered in relation to input modalities (visual and auditory input), output modalities (speech and written output), and the involvement of “central” semantic processes before sentence processing and nonstandard language (illiteracy, multilingualism, and sensory deficits) are addressed. 3) We address the influence of plasticity on physiological functions in relation to its main contexts of appearance, i.e., development and brain lesions, to show how functional imaging can allow fine-grained approaches to adaptation, the fundamental property of the brain. In closing, we consider future developments for language research using functional imaging...

J. J. Jaeger, A. H. Lockwood, D. L. Kemmerer, R. D. van Valin, Jr., B. W. Murphy, H. G. Khalak

Language

A Positron Emission Tomographic Study of Regular and Irregular Verb Morphology in English  (1.49 Mb)

In this article we present data from a positron emission tomographic study in which subjects were asked to produce the past tense forms of regular, irregular, and nonce stems. We find very different amounts and areas of cortical activation in the regular and irregular tasks, as well as significantly different reaction times in producing the past tenses. We interpret our findings as supporting grammar/lexicon theories, and discuss the implications of our results for general linguistics theory...

S. Bartke, F. Rösler, J. Streb, R. Wiese

Journal of Neurolinguistics

An ERP-study of German ‘irregular’ morphology  (608 Kb)

Keywords: ERP; Morphology; German plurals; Dual mechanism

The plural morphology of German is characterised by five different plural allomorphs (-(e)n, -e, -er, -s, zero), partly combined with changes in the vowel (umlaut). While in former studies the -s plural allomorph is identified as the regular plural, the remaining forms are categorised as irregular. These observations have been discussed within the framework of the dual mechanism model. One component contains a rule for regular inflection; it provides the default. The second component is designed as a network and hosts irregular plural forms. However, as noted by several linguists, the so-called irregular component of German plural morphology is more structured and contains more predictable plural forms than the dual mechanism model predicts to be the case. Therefore, some plural forms should be less dependent on a network system. Using the technique of event-related potentials, cognitive processing of different irregular German plural allomorphs is investigated in this study. Comparisons include irregular
allomorphs with low and high predictability, i.e. true irregulars were compared to
subregularities. Indeed, the plural forms identified as subregulars showed a difference in processing by inducing a reduced N400 over right posterior medial electrodes. Up to date, the dual mechanism model treats different so-called irregular forms alike. But in light of these new findings, the network component of the dual mechanism model needs to be refined....

L. K.  Tyler, E.  A.  Stamatakis, B.  Post, B.  Randall, W.  Marslen-Wilson

Neuropsychologia

Temporal and frontal systems in speech comprehension:
An fMRI study of past tense processing  (299 Kb)

Keywords: fMRI; Speech processing; Fronto-temporal network

A prominent issue in cognitive neuroscience is whether language function is instantiated in the brain as a single undifferentiated process, or whether regions of relative specialisation can be demonstrated. The contrast between regular and irregular English verb inflection has been pivotal to this debate. Behavioural dissociations related to different lesion sites in brain-damaged patients suggest that processing regular and irregular past tenses involves different neural systems. Using event-related fMRI in a group of unimpaired young adults, we contrast processing of spoken regular and irregular past tense forms in a same–different judgement task, shown in earlier research with patients to engage left hemisphere language systems. An extensive fronto-temporal network, linking anterior cingulate (ACC), left inferior frontal cortex (LIFC) and bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG), was preferentially activated for regularly inflected forms. Access to meaning from speech is supported by temporal cortex, but additional processing is required for forms that end in regular inflections, which differentially engage LIFC processes that support morpho-phonological segmentation and grammatical analysis...

L. K. Tyler, P. Bright, P. Fletcher, E. A. Stamatakis

Neuropsychologia

Neural processing of nouns and verbs: the role of
inflectional morphology  (356 Kb)

Keywords: Nouns; Verbs; fMRI; Inflection

Dissociations of nouns and verbs following brain damage have been interpreted as evidence for distinct neural substrates underlying different aspects of the language system. Some neuroimaging studies have supported this claim by finding neural differentiation for nouns and verbs [Brain 122 (1999) 2337] while others have argued against neural specialisation [Brain 119 (1996) 159; Brain 124 (2001) 1619]. We suggest that one reason why these inconsistencies may have 
arisen is because the morphological structure of nouns and verbs has been ignored. In an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study we test the hypothesis that the neural processing of nouns and verbs differs when they are inflected. We contrasted the processing of regularly inflected nouns (dogs) with regularly inflected verbs (hitting), and found that the LIFG was more strongly activated in processing regularly inflected verbs compared to regularly inflected nouns. Moreover, regions of LIFG that were more active in the fMRI study for inflected verbs partially overlapped with the lesions in patients who have particular problems with verb morphology. Taken together with previous studies, these results suggest that noun and verb stems do not differ in terms of their representation, but when verbs are morphologically complex they differentially engage those neural systems which are involved in processes of morpho-phonology and syntax...

L. K. Tyler, R. Russell, J. Fadili and H. E. Moss

Brain

The neural representation of nouns and verbs: PET studies  (1,28 Mb)

Keywords: PET; nouns and verbs

Neuropsychological studies of patients with selective deficits for nouns or verbs have been taken as evidence for the neural specialization of different word classes. Noun deficits are associated with lesions in anterior temporal regions while verb deficits arise from left inferior frontal lesions. However, neuroimaging studies do not unequivocally support this account, with only some studies supporting claims for regional specialization. We carried out two PET studies to determine whether there is any regional specialization for the processing of nouns and verbs. One study used the lexical decision task and the other used a more semantically demanding task, i.e. semantic categorization. We found rebust activation of a semantic network extending from left inferior frontal cortex into the inferior temporal lobe, but no differences as a function of word class. We interpret these data within the framework of cognitive accounts in which conceptual knowledge is represented within a non-differentiated distributed system...

N. T. Sahin, E. Halgren, I. Ulbert, D. Schomer, J. Wu, A. Dale, and S. Pinker

Keywords: morphology, iEEG, nouns and verbs, language, regular inflection, irregular inflection, grammar, neural basis of BOLD, insula, epilepsy seizure

Abstract grammatical processing in Broca's Area: Convergent evidence from fMRI and intracranial electrophysiology  (693 Kb)

Though Broca’s Area has long been implicated in grammatical computation, neither aphasiological nor neuroimaging studies have confirmed such a connection, because syntactic processing is often confounded with working memory, articulation, or semantic selection. Inflectional morphology (grammatical combination inside the word) offers potentially simpler paradigms. We asked 18 subjects to inflect words silently in the past tense or plural, or to read them verbatim (tasks with minimal demands on working memory), and measured brain activation with fMRI and intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG). Subtraction of the fMRI signal for reading from that for inflection should index processes involved in inflecting a form, holding constant word recognition and articulatory planning. Such subtractions suggest that left BA 44/45 (Broca’s), 47 (pars orbitalis of the inferior frontal gyrus), and medial supplementary motor area (SMA) are engaged by inflection. The design also varied whether the forms were inflected by an overt suffix (the dogs; they walked) or no suffix (the dog; they walk), whether they were nouns or verbs, and whether they were regularly or irregularly inflected. Subtraction of activity for zero-inflection from that for overt inflection (which should index the manipulation of phonological content) implicated left anterior insula, BA 44/45, 47, and SMA. Subtraction of activity during reading from that during zero-inflection (which should index only the manipulation of inflectional features, since the two tasks require identical outputs) did not involve the insula or BA45 but activated distinct regions of BA44 and 47, in concert with a premotor region, implicating these regions in the manipulation of abstract grammatical features independently of articulatory demands. These patterns were largely similar in nouns and verbs and in regular and irregular forms, suggesting that these regions are involved in a central process of implementing inflectional features which cuts across word classes. Some regular-irregular differences were observed, with greater activity for irregular verbs in the anterior cingulate and SMA, possibly reflecting blocking of regular or competing irregular candidates. Major results were corroborated by single-subject fMRI and iEEG in an epilepsy patient with normal language skills whose treatment required surgical implantation of electrodes. Neuronal activity in regions overlapping with within-patient and healthy group fMRI revealed three neural generators with sensitivity to task conditions. Responses at 355 and 500 msec were highest for overt inflection and lowest for reading, and were localized superior to Broca’s area, the first more medial and the second more anterior. The third response varied with task in decay rate (rather than amplitude) in the 715-870 msec interval, and was in the IFG ventral to the core of Broca’s Area. This pattern, converging with the fMRI results, suggests at least three neural arrays sequentially involved in aspects of inflectional morphology. Results are interpreted in terms of a network of regions in left prefrontal cortex, including Broca’s Area, that are recruited for the processing of abstract morphosyntactic features and overt morphophonological content...

N. T. Sahin, S. Pinker and E. Halgren

Keywords: morphology, production, noun, verb, language, speech, 
regular/irregular inflection, grammar, syntax, morphosyntax, morphophonology, BOLD, insula, anterior cingulate

Abstract grammatical processing of nouns and verbs in Broca's Area: Evidence from fMRI  (525 Kb)

The role of Broca’s area in grammatical computation is unclear, because syntactic processing is often confounded with working memory, articulation, or semantic selection. Morphological processing potentially circumvents these problems. Using event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (ER-fMRI), we had 18 subjects silently inflect words or read them verbatim. Subtracting the activity pattern for reading from that for inflection, which indexes processes involved in inflection (holding constant lexical processing and articulatory planning) highlighted left Brodmann area (BA) 44/45 (Broca’s area), BA 47, anterior insula, and medial supplementary motor area. Subtracting activity during zero inflection (the hawk; they walk) from that during overt inflection (the hawks; they walked), which highlights manipulation of phonological content, implicated subsets of the regions engaged by inflection as a whole. Subtracting activity during verbatim reading from activity during zero inflection (which highlights the manipulation of inflectional features) implicated distinct regions of BA 44, 47 , and a premotor region (thereby tying these regions to grammatical features), but failed to implicate the insula or BA 45 (thereby tying these to articulation). These patterns were largely similar in nouns and verbs and in regular and irregular forms, suggesting these regions implement inflectional features cutting across word classes. Greater activity was observed for irregular than regular verbs in the anterior cingulate and supplementary motor area (SMA), possibly reflecting the blocking of regular or competing irregular candidates. The results confirm a role for Broca’s area in abstract grammatical processing, and are interpreted in terms of a network of regions in left prefrontal cortex (PFC) that are recruited for processing abstract morphosyntactic features and overt morphophonological content...

A. J. Newman, M. T. Ullman, R. Pancheva, D. L. Waligura, and H. J. Neville

NeuroImage

An ERP study of regular and irregular English past tense inflection (465 Kb)

Compositionality is a critical and universal characteristic of human language. It is found at numerous levels, including the combination of morphemes into words and of words into phrases and sentences. These compositional patterns can generally be characterized by rules. For example, the past tense of most English verbs (“regulars”) is formed by adding an -ed suffix. However, many complex linguistic forms have rather idiosyncratic mappings. For example, “irregular” English verbs have past tense forms that cannot be derived from their stems in a consistent manner. Whether regular and irregular forms depend on fundamentally distinct neurocognitive processes (rule-governed combination vs. lexical memorization), or whether a single processing system is sufficient to explain the phenomena, has engendered considerable investigation and debate. We recorded event-related potentials while participants read English sentences that were either correct or had violations of regular past tense inflection, irregular past tense inflection, syntactic phrase structure, or lexical semantics. Violations of regular past tense and phrase structure, but not of irregular past tense or lexical semantics, elicited left-lateralized anterior negativities (LANs). These seem to reflect neurocognitive substrates that underlie compositional processes across linguistic domains, including morphology and syntax. Regular, irregular, and phrase structure violations all elicited later positivities that were maximal over midline parietal sites (P600s), and seem to index aspects of controlled syntactic processing of both phrase structure and morphosyntax. The results suggest distinct neurocognitive substrates for processing regular and irregular past tense forms: regulars depending on compositional processing, and irregulars stored in lexical memory...

A. Lavric, D. Pizzagalli, S. Forstmeier and G. Rippon

Mapping dissociations in verb morphology
  (333 Kb)

Substantial behavioural and neuropsychological evidence has been amassed to support the dual-route model of morphological processing, which distinguishes between a rule-based system for regular items (walk–walked, call–called) and an associative system for the irregular items (go–went). Some neural-network models attempt to explain the neuropsychological and brain-mapping dissociations in terms of single-system associative processing. We show that there are problems in the accounts of homogeneous networks in the light of recent brain-mapping evidence of systematic double-dissociation. We also examine the superior capabilities of more internally differentiated connectionist models, which, under certain conditions, display systematic double-dissociations. It appears that the more differentiation models show, the more easily they account for dissociation patterns, yet without implementing symbolic computations...

M. F. Joanisse

Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience

Imaging The Past Neural Activation In Frontal And Temporal Regions During Regular And Irregular Past Tense Processing (430  Kb)

This article presents fMRI evidence bearing on dual-mechanism vs. connectionist
theories of inflectional morphology. Ten participants were scanned at 4 Tesla as they covertly generated the past  tenses of real and nonce (nonword) verbs presented auditorily. Regular past tenses (e.g, walked, wugged) and irregular past tenses (e.g., took, slept) produced similar patterns of activation in the posterior temporal lobe in both hemispheres. In contrast, there was greater activation for regular past tenses in left and right IFG compared to irregular past tenses. Similar previous results have been taken as evidence for the dual-mechanism theory of the past tense (Pinker & Ullman, 2002). However, additional analyses indicated that irregulars that are phonologically similar to regulars (e.g., slept, fled, sold) produced the same level of activation as regular forms, and significantly more than irregulars that are not phonologically similar to regulars (e.g., took, gave). Thus, activation patterns were predicted by phonological characteristics of the past tense rather than the rule-governed vs. exception distinction that is central to the words-and-rules framework. The results are consistent with a constraint satisfaction model in which phonological, semantic and other probabilistic constraints jointly determine the past tense, with different degrees of involvement for different verbs....

H. Clahsen

Behavioral and Brain Sciences

Lexical entries and rules of language: A multidisciplinary study of German inflection (739 Kb)

Keywords: child language acquisition; development of inflection; grammar; human language processing; neuroscience of language; psycholinguistics

Following much work in linguistic theory, it is hypothesized that the language faculty has a modular structure and consists of two basic components, a lexicon of (structured) entries and a computational system of combinatorial operations to form larger linguistic expressions from lexical entries. This target article provides evidence for the dual nature of the language faculty by describing recent results of a multidisciplinary investigation of German inflection. We have examined: (1) its linguistic representation, focussing on noun plurals and verb inflection (participles), (2) processes involved in the way adults produce and comprehend inflected words, (3) brain potentials generated during the processing of inflected words, and (4) the way children acquire and use inflection. It will be shown that the evidence from all these sources converges and supports the distinction between lexical entries and combinatorial operations. Our experimental results indicate that adults have access to two distinct processing routes, one accessing (irregularly) inflected entries from the mental lexicon and another involving morphological decomposition of (regularly) inflected words into stem1affix representations. These two processing routes correspond to the dual structure of the linguistic system. Results from event-related potentials confirm this linguistic distinction at the level of brain structures. In children’s language, we have also found these two processes to be clearly dissociated; regular and irregular inflection are used under different circumstances, and the constraints under which children apply them are identical to those of the adult linguistic system. Our findings will be explained in terms of a linguistic model that maintains the distinction between the lexicon and the computational system but replaces the traditional view of the lexicon as a simple list of idiosyncrasies with the notion of internally structured lexical representations...

J. Fodor

Why Pigs Don’t Have Wings (53 Kb)

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Abstract grammatical processing in Broca's Area: Convergent evidence from fMRI and intracranial electrophysiology. N. T. Sahin, E. Halgren, I. Ulbert, D. Schomer, J. Wu, A. Dale, S. Pinker  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 693 Kb)
Abstract grammatical processing of nouns and verbs in Broca's Area: Evidence from fMRI. N. T. Sahin, S. Pinker, E. Halgren  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать , 525 Kb)
A Computer in Your Head? E. H. Chudler. (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 568 Kb)
A cross-linguistic study on the interpretation of pronouns by children and agrammatic speakers: Evidence from Dutch, Spanish, and Italian. E. Ruigendijk, S. Baauw, S. Zuckerman, N. Vasić, J. de Lange & S. Avrutin. (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 289 Kb)
A forkhead-domain gene is mutated in a severe speech and language disorder. C. S. L. Lai, S. E. Fisher, J. A. Hurst, F. Vargha-Khadem & A. P. Monaco. (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  263 Kb)
An ER-fMRI investigation of morphological inflection in German reveals that the brain makes a distinction between regular and irregular forms. A. Beretta, C. Campbell, Th. H. Carr, J. Huang, L. M. Schmitt, K. Christianson, and Y. Cao (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 352 Kb)
An ERP-study of German ‘irregular’ morphology. S. Bartke, F. Rösler, J. Streb, R. Wiese (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 608 Kb)
An ERP study of regular and irregular English past tense inflection. A. J. Newman, M. T. Ullman, R. Pancheva, D. L. Waligura, H. J. Neville  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  465 Kb)
A PET Study of the Brain Mechanisms Underlying Perception of Phrases with Syntagmatic Splitting. K. S. Strel'nikov, V. A. Vorob'ev, M. S. Rudas, T. V. Chernigovskaya, and S. V. Medvedev.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 201 Kb) 
A Positron Emission Tomographic Study of Regular and Irregular Verb Morphology in English. J. J. Jaeger, A. H. Lockwood, D. L. Kemmerer, R. D. van Valin, Jr., B. W. Murphy, H. G. Khalak.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  1.59 Mb)
An introduction to minimalist grammar. E. Reuland. (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 202 Kb)
Analogical Modeling and the English Past Tense. A Reply to Jaeger et al. 1996. S. Chandler, R. Skousen.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 28 Kb)
Any Words in the Brain's Language? Does Mind Really Work That Way? T. V. Chernigovskaya.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 207 Kb)
Articulation of consonants in cri du chat syndrome - a gestural approach. K. E. Kristoffersen.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 848 Kb)
Basic Issues in the Theory of Syntax: Towards a Minimalist Perspective. E. Reuland.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 353  Kb)
Brain size and grey matter volume in the healthy human brain. E. Lüders, H. Steinmetz and L. Jäncke.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  90 Kb)
Broca's aphasia, verbs and the mental lexicon. R. Bastiaanse and R. van Zonneveld.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 206 Kb)
Cerebral specialization and interhemispheric communication. Does the corpus callosum enable the human condition? M. S. Gazzaniga.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 919  Kb) 
Cognitive Struggle with Sensory Chaos: Semiotics of Olfaction and Hearing. T. Chernigovskaya.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 140 Kb)
Connectionism and the Study of Change. E. A. Bates, J. L. Elman.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 130 Kb)
Decomposition of morphologically complex words in English: evidence from event-related brain porentials. T. F. Münte, T. Say, H. Clahsen, K. Schiltz, M. Kutas.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 721 Kb)
Deficits in irregular past-tense verb morphology associated with degraded semantic knowledge. K. Patterson, M. A. Lambon Ralph, J. R. Hodges, J. L. McClelland.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  563 Kb)
Deficits in phonology and past-tense morphology: What's the connection? H. Bird, M. A. Lambon Ralph, M. S. Seidenberg, J. L. McClelland, K. Patterson.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  169 Kb)
Dyslexia in English as a Second Language. T. Helland and R. Kaasa.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 129 Kb)
Electrophysiological Measures of Language Processing in Bilinquals. A. M. Proverbio, B. Čok, and A. Zani.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 1.61 Mb)
Formal Instruction and the Acquisition of Verbal Morphology. K. Gor and T. Chernigovskaya.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 279 Kb)
Grammatical and pragmatic properties of subjects in English SLI. J. Schaeffer, G. Gordishevsky, G. Kadar and A. Hacohen.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 121 Kb)
Hemispheric Asymmetry in Prosody Perception by Healthy Subjects and Schizophrenic Patients. T. V. Chernigovskaya, S. E. Davtian, N. N. Petrova, and K. N. Strel'nikov.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 152 Kb)
Homo loquens: Evolution of Cerebral Functions and Language. T. V. Chernigovskaya.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 66 Kb)
How the brain processes complex words: an event-related potential study of German verb inflections. M. Penke, H. Weyerts, M. Gross, E. Zander, T. F. Münte, H. Clahsen.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  596 Kb)
I see what you are saying: Action as cognition in fMRI brain mapping practice. M. Alač & E. Hutchins.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 524 KB)
Identification of words' grammatical functions in Hebrew: Electrophysiological evidence. M. Leikin.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 166 Kb)
Imaging The Past Neural Activation In Frontal And Temporal Regions During Regular And Irregular Past Tense Processing. M. F. Joanisse   (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 430 Kb)
Language mixing in the weak language: Evidence from two children. H. Jisa.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 1.86 Mb)
Lexical entries and rules of language: A multidisciplinary study of German inflection. H. Clahsen  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 739 Kb)
Mapping dissociations in verb morphology. A. Lavric, D. Pizzagalli, S. Forstmeier, G. Rippon  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 333 Kb)
Mental Lexicon Structure in L1 and L2 Acquisition: Russian Evidence. K. Gor, T. Chernigovskaya.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  409 Kb)
Metaphor and Metacommunication in Schizophrenic Language. J. Frow.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 409 Kb)
Neural correlates of regular and irregular inflection. P. Indefrey.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 17 Kb)
Neural processing of nouns and verbs: the role of inflectional morphology. L. K. Tyler, P. Bright, P. Fletcher, E. A. Stamatakis  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 356 Kb)
Pragmatic and SLI. J. Schaeffer.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 152 Kb)
Precis of Origins of the Modern Mind: Three Stages in the Evolution of Culture and Cognition. M. Donald.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 98 Kb)
Prosodic clues to syntactic processing - a PET and ERP study. K. N. Strelnikov, V. A. Vorobyev, T. V. Chernigovskaya, and S. V. Medvedev.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 207 Kb)
Psychiatry in free fall: In pursuit of a semiotic foothold. S. Davtian & T. Chernigovskaya.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 92 Kb)
Psycholinquistics: A Cross-Language Perspective. E. Bates, A. Devescovi, and B. Wulfeck.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 238 Kb)
Regular and irregular morphology and its relationship with agrammatism: Evidence from two Spanish-Catalan bilinguals. R. de D. Balaguer, A. Costa, N. Sebastián-Galles, M. Juncadella, and A. Caramazza.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 278 Kb)
Renewal of the Neurophysiology of Language: Functional Neuroimaging. J.-F. Démonet, G. Thierry and D. Cardebat.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 1.62 Mb)
Representation of Linguistic Rules in the Brain: Evidence from Training an Aphasic Patient to Produce Past Tense Verb Morphology. M. Weinrich, K. I. Boser, and D. McCall.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 319 Kb)
Semiotic Perpective of Psychiatric Diagnosis. V. Kuperman, J. Zislin.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 95 Kb)
Sensorimotor and Cognitive Laterality Profiles. T. V. Chernigovskaya, T. A. Gavrilova, A. V. Voinov, and K. N. Strel'nikov.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 183 Kb)
Specific Language Impairment as evidence for the division of labor between interface pragmatics and grammar. J. Schaeffer.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 282 Kb)
Stochastic approaches to understanding dissociations in inflectional morphology. K. Plunkett, S. Bandelow.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 528 Kb)
Talk of genetics and vice versa. S. Pinker. (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 128 Kb)
Temporal and frontal systems in speech comprehension: An fMRI study of past tense processing. L. K. Tyler, E. A. Stamatakis, B. Post, B. Randall, W. Marslen-Wilson (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 299 KMb)
The Complexity of Paradigm and Input Frequencies in Native and Second Language Verbal Processing: Evidence from Russian. T. Chernigovskaya and K. Gor.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  112 Kb)
The Evolution of the Language Faculty: Clarifications and Implications. W. T. Fitch, M. D. Hauser & N. Chomsky.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  1.57 Mb)
The Faculty of Language: What Is It, Who Has It, and How Did It Evolve? M. D. Hauser, N. Chomsky, W. T. Fitch.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 537 Kb)
The Faculty of Language: What's Special about it?  S. Pinker, R. Jackendoff.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  210 Kb)
The Nature of the Language Faculty and its Implications for Evolution of Language (Reply to Fitch, Hauser, & Chomsky). R. Jackendoff, S. Pinker.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 175 Kb)
The neural basis of human moral cognition. J. Moll, R. Zahn, R. de Oliveira-Souza, F. Krueger and J. Grafman.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  0.98 Mb)
The neural representation of nouns and verbs: PET studies. L. K. Tyler, R. Russell, J. Fadili and H. E. Moss  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 1.28 Mb)
The relationship between phonological and morphological deficits in Broca's aphasia: Further evidence from errors in verb inflection. N. Braber, K. Patterson, K. Ellis, M. A. Lambon Ralph.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать,  697 Kb)
Towards an Evolutionary Semiotics: The Emergence of New Sign-Functions in Organisms and Devices. P. Cariani.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 63 Kb)
What Happened in the Origin of Human Consciousness? I. Tattersall.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 288 Kb)
What underlies the neuropsychological pattern of irregular > regular past-tense verb production? M. A. Lambon Ralph, N. Braber, J. L. McClelland, K. Patterson. (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 529 KB)
When did Mozart Become a Mozart? Neurophysiological Insight Into Behavioral Genetics. Y. Arshavsky. (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 57 KB)
Why Pigs Don’t Have Wings. J. Fodor.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 53 Kb)
Дети со специфическими языковыми расстройствами в свете современных дискуссий в лингвистике и психологии. Т. В. Черниговская.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 239 Kb)
Детские афазии и синдром Ландау-Клеффнера в свете пластичности мозга. Н. Ш. Александрова.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 168 Kb)
Метод вызванных потенциалов мозга в американской психолингвистике и его использование при решении  проблемы порядка слов в русском языке. И. А. Секерина.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 901 Kb)
Мозг и язык: полтора века исследований. Т. В. Черниговская.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 214 Kb)
ПЭТ-исследование мозгового обеспечения восприятия фраз с синтагматическим членением. К. С. Стрельников, В. А. Воробьев, М. С. Рудас, Т. В. Черниговская, С. В. Медведев.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 789 Kb)
Сенсо-моторный и когнитивный латеральный профиль. Т. В. Черниговская, Т. А. Гаврилова, А. В. Воинов, К. Н. Стрельников.   (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 115  Kb)
Сознание и мозг. А. Иваницкий.  (посмотреть в тематической части / скачать, 263 Kb)
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